systems and methods for ECG measurement in mice, gait / motor function analysis

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This month:

Gait Analysis for Early Phenotyping of Mouse Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis


Latest MSI News

Gait in novel transgenic mice expressing wild-type hTDP-43

IP3 receptor-mediated Ca2+ release and neuromuscular transmission

Evolution of gait abnormalities in ALS mice..


 


Publications describing application of

Mouse Specifics instruments

 

ECGenieTM ECG Screening system for

non-invasively recording ECGs in conscious mice.

 

 1.  Shioi T, Hampton TG, Douglas P, and Izumo S.  Dominant negative p21ras

      causes a progressive dilated cardiomyopathy in transgenic mice. Circulation, 1999; 100(18);I-52.

 

 2.  Amende I, Chu V, Morgan JP, and Hampton TG.  Angiotensin II AT1

      receptor blockade attenuates isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice.  Eur Heart J,

      27(Supp.):2161. 2000.

 

 3.  Chu V, Otero JM, Lopez O, Morgan JP, Amende I, Hampton TG.  Method for non-invasively    

      recording electrocardiograms in conscious mice. BioMedCentral Physiology 2001, 1(1):6.

 

 4.  Braun A, Trigatti BL, Post MJ, Sato K, Simons M, Edelberg JM, Rosenberg RD, Schrenzel M,   

      Krieger M. Loss of SR-BI Expression Leads to the Early Onset of Occlusive Atherosclerotic

      Coronary Artery Disease, Spontaneous Myocardial Infarctions, Severe Cardiac Dysfunction, and

      Premature Death in Apolipoprotein E. Deficient Mice. Circ Res 2002; 90: 270-276. 

 

5.  Chu V, Otero JM, Lopez O, Sullivan M, Morgan JP, Amende I, Hampton TG.    

     Electrocardiographic findings in mdx mice: a cardiac phenotype of Duchenne muscular     

     dystrophy.  Muscle & Nerve 2002;513-519.  

 

 6.  Min JY, Sullivan MF, Yan X, Feng X, Chu V, Wang JF, Amende I, Morgan JP, Philipson KD,

      Hampton TG. Overexpression of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger gene attenuates postinfarction myocardial

      dysfunction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002 Dec;283(6):H2466-71.

 

 7.  Braun A, Zhang S, Miettinen HE, Ebrahim S, Holm TM, Vasile E, Post MJ, Yoerger DM, Picard

      MH, Krieger JL, Andrews NC, Simons M, Krieger M.  Probucol prevents early coronary heart

      disease and death in the high-density lipoprotein receptor SR-BI/apolipoprotein-E double      

      knockout mouse.  Proc Nat Acad Sci 2003; 100:7283-7288. 

 

 8.  Sutliff RL, Haase C, Russ R, Hoit BD, Morris R, Norman AB, and Lewis W. Cocaine Increases

      Mortality and Cardiac Mass in a Murine Transgenic Model of Acquired Immune Deficiency

      Syndrome.  Lab Invest ; 2003; 83: 983. 

 

 9. Svenson KL, Bogue MA, Peters LL.  Invited review: Identifying new mouse models of    

      cardiovascular disease: a review of high-throughput screens of mutagenized and inbred strains. J

      Appl Physiol 2003 94:1650-9.

 

10. Amende I, Dubach JM, Piskorski K,  Morgan JP, and Hampton TG. ECG Monitoring and Analyses    

      in Mice. The Physiological Genomics of the Critically Ill Mouse in Basic Science for the

      Cardiologist. 2004 pgs. 89-100.

 

11.  Bachman E., Hampton TG, Dhillon H, Amende I, 

       Wang J., Morgan JP and Hollenberg AN - The Metabolic and Cardiovascular    

       Effects of Hyperthyroidism are Largely Independent of Beta-Adrenergic Stimulation   

       Endocrinology 2004;145:2767-74.

 

12.   Lewis W, Miller Y, Haase C, Ludaway T, McNaught J, Russ R,

       Steltzer J, Folpe A, Long R and Oshinski J - HIV viral protein R causes atrial cardiomyocyte

       mitosis, mesenchymal tumor, dysrhythmia, and heart failure Lab Invest 2005; 85:182-92.

 

13.  Maddatu TP, Garvey SM, Schroeder DG, Hampton TG, Cox GA. Transgenic rescue of   

       neurogenic atrophy in the nmd mouse reveals a role for Ighmbp2 in dilated cardiomyopathy.    

       Hum Mol Genet. 2004;13:1105-15.

 

14.  Piskorksi K, Kale A, Chu V, Otero JM, Gladstone K, Mueller P, Amende I, and Hampton TG.     

       Non-invasive physiology in conscious mice.  2002 Fourth World Congress Alternatives Congress   

       Trust Proceedings.  2004, in press. ATLA 32, Supplement 1, 195–201, 2004.

 

15.  Sanna MG, Liao J, Jo E, Alfonso C, Ahn M, Peterson MS, Webb B, Lefebvre S, Chun J, Gray N,

       Rosen H; Sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P) Receptor Subtypes S1P1 and S1P3, Respectively,

       Regulate Lymphocyte Recirculation and Heart Rate. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2004;

       279: 13839–13848.

 

16.  Schuldt AJT, Hampton TG, Chu V, Vogler CA, Galvin N, Lessard ML, Barker JE. Cardiac

       anomalies in beta-glucuronidase (GUSB) null mice are corrected by non-ablative neonatal

       marrow transplantation. Proc Nat Acad Sci 2004; 101:603–608.

 

17.  Sergey V. Ivanov, Jerrold M. Ward, Lino Tessarollo, Dorothea McAreavey, Vandana Sachdev,_

       Lameh Fananapazir,_ Melissa K. Banks, Nicole Morris, Draginja Djurickovic, Deborah E. Devor-

       Henneman, Ming-Hui Wei, Gregory W. Alvord, Boning Gao, James A. Richardson, John D. Minna,

           Michael A. Rogawski, and Michael I. LermanÜ - Cerebellar Ataxia, Seizures, Premature Death,     

       and Cardiac Abnormalities in Mice with Targeted Disruption of the Cacna2d2 Gene

       American Journal of Pathology  2004; 165:1007-1018.

 

18.  Lewis W, Haase CP, Miller YK, Ferguson B, Stuart T, Ludaway T, McNaught J, Russ R, Steltzer  

       J., Santoianni R, Long R, Fiermonte G, Palmieri F. Transgenic expression of the deoxynucleotide

       carrier causes mitochondrial damage that is enhanced by NRTIs for AIDS.  Lab Invest. 2005;

       85:972-81.

 

19.  Zhang S, Picard MH, Vasile E, Zhu Y, Raffai RL, Weisgraber KH, Krieger M.               

Diet-induced-induced occlusive coronary   atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, cardiac dysfunction, and premature death in scavenger receptor class B type I-deficient, hypomorphic apolipoprotein ER61 mice. Circulation. 2005 111:3457-64.  

 

20. Cho H, Park C. ,Hwang I,  Han S, Schimel D, Despres D.  and Kehrl JH

      Rgs5 Targeting Leads to Chronic Low Blood Pressure and a Lean Body Habitus.

      Molecular and Cellular Biology 2008, 28:2590–2597.

 

21. Hsiai, TK., Yu, H, Kim, ES, Ai, L

      POLYMER-BASED CARDIOVASCULAR BIOSENSORS, MANUFACTURE, AND

      USES THEREOF  United States Patent Application 20080302675

 

22. Non-invasively record ECGs in mice.

      Arizona Branch AALAS Newsletter Vol. 22 No. 1 February 2009 p.13

 

23.  Isenberg JS, Qin Y, Maxhimer JB, Sipes JM, Despres D, Schnermann J, Frazier WA,

       Roberts DD. Thrombospondin-1 and CD47 regulate blood pressure and cardiac responses to

       vasoactive stress. Matrix Biol. 2009;28:110-9.

 

24. Shuqin Xing, Shirng-Wreng Tsaih, Rong Yuan, Karen L. Svenson, Linda M. Jorgenson, Milly So,

      Beverly J. Paigen, and Ron Korstanje. Genetic influence on electrocardiogram time intervals and

      heart rate in aging mice.   Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2009; 296:H1907-13

 

25.  Mabe AM and Hoover DB

      Structural and functional cardiac cholinergic deficits in adult neurturin knockout mice

      Cardiovascular Research 2009; 82:93–99.

 

26.  Lachance D, Plante E, Bouchard-Thomassin A, Champetier S, Roussel E, Drolet MC, Couet J

      and Arsenault M.  Moderate Exercise Training Improves Survival and Ventricular Remodeling in

      an Animal Model of Left Ventricular Volume Overload. Circ Heart Fail. 2009; 5:437-45.

 

27. Lynch KR, Macdonald TL

      PHENYL-CYCLOALKYL AND PHENYL-HETEROCYCLIC DERIVATIVES AS S1P

      RECEPTOR AGONISTS United States Patent Application 20090105315

 

28. Heier CR, Hampton TG, Wang D, Didonato CJ.

      Development of electrocardiogram intervals during growth of FVB/N neonate mice.

      BMC Physiol. 2010 Aug 24;10:16.

 

29. Heier CR, Satta R, Lutz C, Didonato CJ.

      Arrhythmia and cardiac defects are a feature of spinal muscular atrophy model mice.

      Hum Mol Genet. 2010 Aug 18. [Epub ahead of print]

 

DigiGaitÔ Imaging System

 

      1.   Amende I, Kale A, McCue S, Hampton MK, Hampton TG

            Gait deterioration in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of ALS

            Program No. 131.13. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC: Society for  

            Neuroscience, 2005. Online

 

2.     Hampton TG, Kale A, Gladstone K, Bridges J, Costa A, Amende I.

      How to characterize gait dynamics in mouse models of neuromuscular disease.   

      Program No. 22.60. 2002 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Washington, DC:

      Society for Neuroscience, 2002. CD-ROM

 

3.     Hampton TG, Stasko MR, Kale A, Amende I, Costa A,

      Gait dynamics in Trisomic mice: Quantitative Neurological Traits of Down Syndrome

             Physiology & Behavior 82 (2004) 381– 389

 

      4.    Huebsch KA, Kudryashova E, Wooley CM, Sher RB, Seburn KL, Spencer MJ, Cox GA

       Mdm muscular dystrophy: interactions with calpain 3 and a novel functional role for titin's N2A 

       domain. Hum Mol Genet. 2005;14:2801-11

 

      5.    Kale A, Amende I, Meyer GP, Crabbe JC, Hampton TG. Ethanol's effects on gait   

      dynamics in mice investigated by ventral plane videography Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28:1839-

      48

 

      6.    Piskorski K, Kale A, Chu V, Otero JM, Gladstone K, Mueller P, Amende I, and Hampton

      TG.  Non-invasive physiology in conscious mice.  2002 Fourth World Congress

      Alternatives Congress Trust Proceedings.  2004. ATLA 32, Supplement 1, 195–201,

      2004

 

  1. Hampton TG, Kale A, McCue S, Glazier S, Hampton MK, Amende I.  Gait deterioration in the

             SOD1 G93A mouse model of ALS. Program No. 131.13. 2005 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. 

      Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, 2005. Online

 

  1. Kale A, Amende I, McCue S, Morgan J.P., Hampton TG

             Early detection of gait abnormalities in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

             Movement Disorders, 2005 Congress Abstract Program

 

      9.   Kale A, Amende I, McCue S, Glazier S, Morgan JP, Hampton TG.

            Gait dynamics in mouse models of Parkinsonís disease and Huntingtonís disease

            J Neuroengineering Rehabil. 2005 Jul 25;2:20

 

    10.   Li S, Kim JE, Budel S, Hampton TG, Strittmatter S.  Transgenic inhibition of Nogo-66

     receptor function allows axonal sprouting and improved locomotion after spinal injury. 

     Mol Cell Neurosci. 2005; 1:26-39

 

    11.   Sharma N, Baxter MG, Petravicz J, Bragg DC, Schienda A, Standaert DG, Breakefield XO.

      Impaired motor learning in mice expressing torsinA with the DYT1 dystonia mutation.

      J Neurosci. 2005;25:5351-5

 

    12.   Wooley CM, Sher RB, Kale A, Frankel WN, Cox GA, Seburn KL.

       Gait analysis detects early changes in transgenic SOD1(G93A) mice.

       Muscle Nerve. 2005; 32:43-50

 

    13.   Hampton TG, Kale A, McCue S, Morgan JP, Amende I. Propranolol attenuates sympathetic

            hyperfunction, delays motor dysfunction, and prolongs life in a mouse model of  amyotrophic

            lateral sclerosis. Eur Heart J, 27(Supp.):2161. 2006.  2006 [Online], P5469

 

    14.   Hampton TG, Kale A, McCue S, Banville B, Farr SA, Amende I.  See how they run: gait in blind

            mice. Program No. 12.9.  2006 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Atlanta, GA: Society for

            Neuroscience, 2006

 

    15.   Lee G, Cruz-Aguado R, Orban PC, Hampton TG, McCue S, Hayden MR, Shaw CA.  Neurotoxic  

            susceptibility in a mouse model of ALS2 as revealed by behavioral analysis. Program No. 671.4. 

            2006 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Atlanta, GA: Society for Neuroscience, 2006

 

    16.   Piesla MJ, Leventhal L, Harrison JE, Strassle B, Cummons T, Rogers KE, Whiteside GT.

            Neuropathic and inflammatory pain alters gait and constitutes a novel measurement of therapeutic

            efficacy in the rat. Program No. 553.7.  2006 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Atlanta, GA:

            Society for Neuroscience, 2006

 

    17.   Hampton TG, Kale A, Amende I, McCue S, Bhagavan HN, VanDongen C. (2007) Gait

            disturbances in BIO 14.6 and BIO TO2 dystrophic hamsters.  2007 Experimental Biology meeting

            abstracts [on CD-ROM], Abstract #558.3, 2007

 

    18.   Hampton TG, VanDongen C, Amende I, Bhagavan HN, Kale A (2007). Does your mouse walk

            strangely? Gait analysis in rodent models of neuromuscular disease.  2007 BIO International

            Convention; meeting abstracts [Online], Abstract #4

 

    19.   Theriault BR, Hampton TG, Amende I, Gomez CM. Gait analysis of mice emerging from isoflurane

            anesthesia. 58th AALAS National Meeting, Accepted Abstract, 2007

 

    20.   Vincelette J, Xu Y , Zhang L ,Schaefer CJ ,Vergona R , Sullivan ME , Hampton TG  and Wang YX.

            Gait analysis in a murine model of collagen-induced arthritis.  2007; Arthritis Research &

            Therapy Volume 9 Issue 6

 

    21.   Zinkhan, G. Paw print gait analysis in rats with spinal cord injury. [Doctoral Dissertation] Dallas (TX):

            The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas; 2007

 

    22.   A. Ganguly, M. Srinivas, A. Martinez, R. Mertz, D. Stevenson, A. O. Caggiano, M.P. Zimber. 

            Effects of acute chondroitinase treatment and training on functional recovery following moderate  

            spinal cord injury in rats.  Program No.  405.6/TT10. 2007 Neuroscience Meeting Planner. San

            Diego, CA: Society for Neuroscience, 2007. Online

                            

    23.   B. Luo, E. Lis, S. Na, I. J. Reynolds, A. G. DiLella. Neurturin protects against gait impairment and

            induced unilateral neurodegeneration model. Program No. 265.3/T22. 200.  Neuroscience Meeting

            Planner. San Diego, CA: Society for Neuroscience, 2007. Online

   

    24.   P. Rane, J. Shields, E. Ortiz, J. A. King.  Emotional and cognitive deficits observed in early stages of

            Parkinsonís disease. Program No.  445.1. 2007. Neuroscience Meeting Planner. San Diego, CA:

            Society for Neuroscience, 2007. Online

 

25.    P. J. Huntington, G. Zinkhan, B. R. Botterman, K. E. Tansey.  Hind limb locomotor recovery

            following spinal cord injury in the rat: Comparison of automated paw print analysis at different gait

            speeds, open field scores, and recovery time. Program No. 75.18/GG18. 2007 Neuroscience   

            Meeting Planner. San Diego, CA: Society for Neuroscience, 2007. Online

 

    26.   Oien DB, Osterhaus GL, Latif SA, Pinkston JW, Fulks J, Johnson M, Fowler SC, Moskovitz

            J. MsrA knockout mouse exhibits abnormal behavior and brain dopamine levels. Free Radic

            Biol Med. 2008; 45:193-200

 

    27.   Pallier PN, Drew CJG, Morton JA. The detection and measurement of

            locomotor deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease are task- and  

            protocol-dependent: Influence of non-motor factors on locomotor function.  Brain Res Bull. 2009;

            78:347-55

 

    28.   Tabata RC, Chu TLH, Shaw CA: Genome British Columbia in Collaboration with the Student

            Biotechnology Network Research Exchange. Stigmasterol glucoside is a putative

            Neurotoxin: Behavioral and Neuropathological Evidence. 2008: Program 24

 

    29.   Cabrera-Salazar MA, Roskelley EM, Bu J, Hodges BL, Yew N, Dodge JC, Shihabuddin LS, Sohar 

            S, Sleat DE, Scheule RK, Davidson BL, Cheng SH, Lobel P and Passini MA. Timing of Therapeutic

            Intervention Determines Functional and Survival Outcomes in a Mouse Model of Late Infantile   

            Batten Disease. Molecular Therapy 2007; 10:1782–1788

    30.   Rommelfanger KS, Edwards GL, Freeman KG, Liles LC, Miller GW, Weinshenker D.

            Norepinephrine loss produces more profound motor deficits than MPTP treatment in mice

            Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:13804-9

 

    31.   Cashman, N.R., Chakrabartty, A, Rakhit, R. Osterman, JB.

            METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS TO TREAT AND DETECT MISFOLDED-SOD1 MEDIATED   

            DISEASES WIPO Patent Application WO/2007/098607. 2008

 

    32.   Rohe, MS.  Role of SORLA in the brain and its relevance for Alzheimer disease

            Dissertation to obtain the academic degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences (Dr. rer. Nat.)

            Lodged in the Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Free University of Berlin

            presented by Mr. Dipl.-Biol. Michael Stephen Rohe August 2008

 

    33.   Cummings, CJ Shapiro, G Sankrithi, NS Chesworth, R.  Method of treating neurological disorders

            using clotrimazole and derivatives thereof. United States Patent Application 20070037800.  2008

 

    34.   Callaway J.K., Habgood M., Ek C.J., Johansson P.A., Dziegielewska K. and Saunders N.R.

            Pharmacology Dept, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic. 3010

            Assessment of residual function and morphology after spinal cord contusion injury in rats:

            behavioral and histological evidence;  Australian Neuroscience Annual Meeting 2009

 

    35.   Kim HA , O. Tuathaigh C , Waddington JL, Lawrence AJ, and Drago J.  Motor impairments in a

            mouse model of Huntingtonís with selective ablation of D-1 Receptor- Expressing neurons in the  

            Striatum. Australian Neuroscience Annual Meeting 2009

    

    36.   Dodge JC, Clarke J, Treleaven CM, Taksir TV, Griffiths DA,  

            Yang W, Fidler JA, Passini MA, Karey KP, Schuchman EH, Cheng SH, Shihabuddin LS.

            Intracerebroventricular infusion of acid sphingomyelinase corrects

            CNS manifestations in a mouse model of Niemann–Pick A disease.  Experimental Neurology,    

            2009;215:349-357

 

    37.   Crone SA, Zhong G, Harris-Warrick R , and Sharma K.  In Mice Lacking V2a Interneurons, Gait

            Depends on Speed of Locomotion.  The Journal of Neuroscience 2009;  29:7098-7109

 

    38.   Lubjuhn J, Gastens A, Wilpert G, Bargiotas P., Herrmann O, Murikinati S, Rabie T, Marti H, Amende I,

            Hampton TG and Schwaninger M. Functional testing in a mouse stroke model induced by occlusion   

            of the distal middle cerebral artery Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 2009;  
            184:195-103

 

    39.   Berryman ER., Harris RL, Moalli M, Bagi CM.  Digigaitô quantitation of gait dynamics in rat

            rheumatoid arthritis model. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact . 2009; 9:89-98

 

    40.   Piesla MJ, Leventhal L, Strassle BW, Harrison JE, Cummons TA, Lu P, Whiteside GT   

            Abnormal gait, due to inflammation but not nerve injury, reflects enhanced nociception in

            preclinical pain models. Brain Res. 2009; 1295:89-98

 

41.    Dai Y, Dudek NL, Li Q, Fowler SC, and Muma NA

            Striatal Expression of a Calmodulin Fragment Improved Motor Function, Weight Loss, and

            Neuropathology in the R6/2 Mouse Model of Huntingtonís Disease. J Neuroscience, September 16,

            2009 ï 29(37):11550 –11559

 

    42.   Springer JE, Ravikumar R, Lim HR, Cho SI, Moon GJ, Lee HY, Park EJ, Gwag BJ.

            The Functional and Neuroprotective Actions of Neu2000, a Dual Acting Pharmacological Agent, in    

            the Treatment of Acute Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2010 Jan;27(1):139-49.

 

    43.   Hampton TG, Amende I

            Treadmill Gait Analysis Characterizes Gait Alterations in Parkinsonís Disease and Amyotrophic   

            Lateral Sclerosis Mouse Models. Journal of Motor Behavior, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2010

 

    44.   Hurlock EC, Bose M, Pierce G, and Joho RH

            Rescue of Motor Coordination by Purkinje Cell-Targeted Restoration of Kv3.3 Channels in Kcnc3- 

            Null Mice Requires Kcnc1. The Journal of Neuroscience, December 16, 2009 ï 29(50):15735–15744

 

45.    Ek CJ, Habgood MD, Callaway JK, Dennis R, Dziegielewska KM, Johansson PA, Potter A, 

       Wheaton B, Saunders NR

       Spatio-temporal progression of grey and white matter damage following contusion injury in rat spinal  

       cord. PLoS One. 2010 Aug 9;5(8):e12021.

   

46.    Xu YF, Gendron TF, Zhang YJ, Lin WL, D'Alton S, Sheng H, Casey MC, Tong J, Knight J, Yu      X, Rademakers R, Boylan K, Hutton M, McGowan E, Dickson DW, Lewis J, Petrucelli L.

       Wild-type human TDP-43 expression causes TDP-43 phosphorylation, mitochondrial aggregation,

       motor deficits, and early mortality in transgenic mice

 

EverBeatÔ Mouse Heart Perfusion System

 

1.    Hampton T, Kranias E, Morgan JP.  Simultaneous measurement of intracellular calcium and ventricular function in the phospholamban-deficient mouse heart.  Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 226(3):836-841.   

2.      Hampton T, Amende I, Travers KE,  Morgan JP.  Intracellular calcium dynamics in mouse model of myocardial stunning.  Am J Phys 1998; 43:H1821-H1827.  

3.      Cittadini A, Mantzoros C, Hampton T, Katz S, Travers K, Flier J, Morgan JP, Douglas P. Cardiovascular phenotype of transgenic mice with reduced brown fat.  Circ Res 1999; 100(21):2177-2183.   

4.      Hampton T, Amende I, Li J, Park S, Morgan J, Simons M.  Basic FGF reduces stunning via a NOS2-dependent pathway in coronary-perfused mouse hearts.  Am J Phys 2000; 279:H260-268.  

5.      Li J, Post M, Volk R, Gao Y, Li M, Metais C, Sato K, Tsai J, Aird W,  Rosenberg RD,   Hampton TG, Li J, Sellke F, Carmeliet P, and M Simons.  PR39, a peptide regulator of angiogenesis.  Nature Med 2000; 6:49-55.   

6.      Hampton T, Wang JF, Amende I, DeAngelis J, Philipson K, Morgan JP.  Enhanced gene expression of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger attenuates ischemic and contractile dysfunction.  Am J Phys 2000; 279:H2846-2854.  

7.      Li J, Parovian C, Hampton TG, Metais C, Tkachenko E, Sellke FW, Simons M.  Modulation of microvascular signaling by heparan sulfate matrix: studies in syndecan-4 transgenic mice. Microvasc Res 2002;64:38-46.   

 

 



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